(demosponge) |
(flatworm) |
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
(=Metazoa)* |
(featherduster worm) |
(sea urchin) |
(octocoral) |
(gastropod) |
Modified from
Tree of Life (after Ruppert & Barnes 1994 p. 1052; Brusca & Brusca 2003 p. 875) |
(crab) |
(sea squirts) |
========================================== Porifera (sponges) | | =================================== Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals, etc.) | | | | ================================ Ctenophora (comb-jellies) | | | | | | ======================== Platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms,etc.) | | | | | | | | =(branch uncertain)= Aschelminthes (nematodes, rotifers,etc.) | | | | | <<=M=| | | =P==| | ================ Nemertea (ribbon worms) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ======= Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) | =E==| | | =A==| | ======| | | | | | | | | ======= Sipuncula(peanut worms) | | | | | =C==| | | | | | | | | ==== Annelida (segmented worms) | | | | | ===| ===| | | | | | | ===| ==== Pogonophora (beard worms, vent worms; now put in the Annelida) | | ===| | | | | | | | | ===| ======= Echiura (proboscis worms) | | | | | ===| | | | ======= Onychophora (velvet worms) | | | ===| | | | | ==== Tardigrada (water bears) | | | P-PROTOSTOMIA ===| | =B==| D-DEUTEROSTOMIA ==== Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs, etc.) | | | | ===================== Chaetognatha (arrow worms) | | | | | |==================== lophophorates (bryozoans, brachiopods, etc.) | | | | ==DA===| ============ Echinodermata (starfish, urchins, etc.) | | ===| | ======| ============ Hemichordata (acorn worms, pterobranchs) | | | =============== Chordata (sea squirts, vertebrates, etc.) | ======(phyla of uncertain affinity)==== Placozoa, Monoblastozoa, Rhomobozoa, Orthonectida
TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE (** plesiomorphic- a primitive state, not unique to clade):
b) radial symmetry** c) monociliated cells** d) radial, indeterminate cleavage e) blastula stage larva f) diplosome** g) type IV collagen b) diploblastic organization c) gastrula stage larva d) blind gut (no anus) e) true gonads f) true nervous system with synapses) b) cephalization c) triploblastic organization (extensive mesoderm) d) organ-system level of organization e) protonephridia |
b) mesoderm from single (mesentoblast) cell c) fate of first germ cell set at 5th cleavage d) mouth (and sometimes anus) from blastopore e) sheets of subepidermal muscles f) multiciliated cells A: anus present (i.e., complete gut) b) trochophore-like larva with apical cilia c) larvae swim with compound cilia b) mesoderm from epithelial cells c) coelom via enterocoely d) blastopore yields anus e) tripartite coelom & body plan f) monociliated cells** (some multiciliated) |
Important differences include:
- Wolf, Y. I. et al. (2004). Coelomata and not Ecdysozoa: Evidence from genome-wide phylogenetic analysis. Genome Research 14(1): 29-36.
- Hughes, A. L. and R. Friedman (2004). Shedding genomic ballast: Extensive parallel loss of ancestral gene families in animals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 59: 827-833.
For another detailed consideration of phylogenetic relations that includes fossil taxa and references to the original literature, see Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.