(aplacophoran) |
(polyplacophoran) |
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
(Tree and traits from
|
(heterodont bivalve) |
(scaphopods) |
(prosobranch gastropod) |
(nautiloid cephalopod) |
======2================== Aplacophora (shell-less, worm-like molluscs) | <<=1===| ====4=============== Polyplacophora (chitons) | | ==3==| ====6=========== Monoplacophora (primitive limpet-like molluscs) | | =5==| ===9== Gastropoda (snails, slugs, etc.) | ==8==| | | ==10== Cephalopoda (nautiloids, cuttlefish, squids, octopus) ==7==| 5="CONCHIFERA" | ==12== Bivalvia (mussels, clams, scallops, etc.) ==11=| ==13== Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
Back to Zool 250 tree for animal phyla or Protostomia
b) mantle with calcareous spicules produced by single cells, c) posterolateral mantle cavity with multiple bipectinate gills (ctenidia) d) radula e) larval/adult body with traces of eight segments f) trochophore larvae** g) coelom via schizocoely** h) 'open' circulatory system (hemocoel) with pumping heart i) circumpharyngeal nerve-ring (brain) with ladder-like ventrolateral nerves** b) reduction/loss of foot & head c) reduced number of ctenidia (two or fewer) b) one or more dorsal, solid shell plates c) 8 pair pedal 'retractor' muscles d) mobile radular membrane & odontophore b) mantle girdle c) calcareous spicules from single cells** b) 3-layered shell (periostracum, prismatic & nacreous calcareous layers) c) crystalline style b) monopectinate ctenidia (5-6 pair) b) 1 or 2 pair ctenidia c) veliger larva (absent in Cephalopoda) |
b) dorsoventrally expanded body with large, dorsal viscera c) 1 pair pedal retractor muscles b) operculum attached to foot c) 1 pair ctenidia** b) shell with gas-filled chambers & siphuncle c) ink gland d) beak-like jaws e) large, circumoral tentacles/arms f) 'closed' circulatory system (vessels lined by epithelium) g) image-forming eyes & large brain b) burrowing foot c) paired, lateral larval shell plates d) 1 pair ctenidia** b) head lost c) enlarged mantle cavity & ctenidia d) mantle edge fused to shell e) byssal gland b) ctenidia lost c) captacula |