Zoology 250 Lecture 4
Kingdom PROTISTA part I
- 1) Very heterogeneous group (35 phyla!). Includes important human parasites (malaria, sleeping sickness, beaver fever, dysentery) and some of the most structurally complex cells on the planet
- 2) Actual phylogenetic relations & classification hotly debated; four 'groupings of convenience' based mainly on locomotion:
- a) Flagellates (~6,900 spp.)- use 1 or more flagella and includes:
- phytoflagellates (have chloroplasts);
EXAMPLES: dinoflagellates, Euglena, Volvox (colonial), diatoms
- zooflagellates (lack chloroplasts)
EXAMPLES: choanoflagellates, Trypanosoma, Giardia
- b) Sarcodines (~12,000 spp.)- use pseudopodia (lobe- or spine-like outgrowths) of ectoplasm; some produce spectacular skeletons
EXAMPLES: amoebas, slime molds, foramenifera, radiolarians
- c) Sporozoans (~4,000 spp.)- most move by body flexion (some use flagella or pseudopods); all are parasitic & reproduce via spores
EXAMPLES: Plasmodium (malarial parasite)
- d) Ciliates (~7,200 spp.)- use cilia; includes the most structurally complex protozoans that come in a remarkable variety of forms
EXAMPLES: Paramecium, Stentor
- 3) Defining characters: a) unicellular (some colonial); b) eukaryote (distinct nucleus & membrane-bound organelles);
- 4) Other notable features of these single-celled organisms: small size (0.001 - 5mm); symmetry (all types); locomotory structures (cilia, flagella & pseudopodia); some rigid skeletal structures (cellulose plates, carbonate or silicate shells, attached bits); osmoregulatory structure (contractile vacuole)
- a) locomotory structures include: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella
- cilia & flagella ultrastructurally identical ("9 doublet +2 singlet" microtubule arrangement, basal body)
- flagella: long, few per cell, continuous regular undulation
- cilia: short, many per cell, separate power & recovery stroke
- b) may have complex osmoregulatory structure: contractile vacuole
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(revised Jan. 7, 1999)