(diplomonad)

BASAL EUKARYOTA Condensed greatly from Tree of Life 2011 for taxa covered in Zool250 (P/B refers to Pearse/Pearse/Buchsbaum/Buchsbaum, 1987, Living Invertebrates)

(foraminifera)

     =================== Prokaryotes
<<===|
     |    ==D=========== Diplomonads (P/B phylum Metamonadida, zooflagellate, Giardia)
     ==E==|
          ==Mt================================== TO CROWN EUKARYOTES ===>

TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE:

D= ancient retrotransposon (Burke et al. 2002 Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:619) E= Eukaryotes: mitosis, membrane-bound organelles including: nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus?, lysosomes?) Mt= mitochondria

(amoeba)

(Volvox)

CROWN EUKARYOTES (condensed from Tree of Life 2011)

(paramecium)

(radiolarian)

(trypanosome)

---

               === Chlorophyceae (unicellular green algae; Chlamydamonas, Volvox); phytoflagellate
             ==|
           ==| =M= Embryophytes (land plants)
           | |
    =Ar,Cp=| ===M= Rhodophyta (red algae)
    |      |
    |      ======= Glaucophyta (contain symbiotic cyanobacteria)
    |
    |        ===== "radiolaria" (P/B phyla Acantharia; Heliozoa); actinopod sarcodine
    |  ==R===|
  |=|  |     ===== Granuloreticulosa (foraminifera); rhizopod sarcodine
  | |  |
  | =C=|     ==N== Ciliophora (Paramecium, Stentor, Spirostoma); the ciliates
  |    |     |
  |    | =Al=| Cp= Dinoflagellata; phytoflagellate
  |    | |   ==|
<<|    ==|     === Apicomplexa(Plasmodium); sporozoan
  |      |
  |      =M,Cp,S== Stramenopiles (incl. P/B phylum Diatomae= diatoms, brown algae & other taxa)
  |
  |        ===Cp== Euglenida (Euglena); phytoflagellate
  |===E====|
  |        ======= Kinetoplastida (Trypanosoma); zooflagellate
  |
  |   ============ Amoebozoa(Amoeba, slime molds); rhizopod sarcodinee
  |===|
      |   ===M==== Fungi (mushrooms, molds, yeast, etc.)
      |   |
      =O==|    === Choanoflagellata; zooflagellate
          =DCh=|
               =======B,G,M=================================== TO METAZOA===>

TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE AND HIGHER TAXON GROUPS:

Al= Alveolates: many adjacent sacs or alveoli underlie cell surface; tubular mitochondrial cristae Ar= Archaeoplastida (Plantae) (share common plastid) B= blastula C= Chromalveolata (share red-algal plastid) Ch= choanocyte (monociliated cells with ring of microvilli around flagellum, distinct flagellar vane) Cp= chloroplast D= diplosome (microtubular flagellar root) E= Euglenozoa: 1 or 2 anterior flagella, discoid mitochondrial christae G= collagen M= multicellularity N= micro- & macro-nucleus; infraciliary systemfibril network that coordinates cilia O= Opisthokonta: posterior flagellum on motile cells R= Rhizaria: share many molecular characters S= unique 3-part mastigonemes in flagella