(amoeba)

(Volvox)

EUKARYOTA Condensed greatly from Tree of Life 2011 & Pawlowski 2015 for taxa covered in Zool250 (P/B refers to Pearse/Pearse/Buchsbaum/Buchsbaum, 1987, Living Invertebrates)

(paramecium)

(radiolarian)

(trypanosome)

                 ==== Chlorophyta (unicell. green algae; Chlamydamonas, Volvox); phytoflagellate
               ==|
          =Ar*=| =M== Embryophytes (land plants)
          |    |
      =Cp=|    ==M=== Rhodophyta (red algae)
      |   |
      |   =========== Glaucophyta (contain symbiotic cyanobacteria)
      |
      |        ====== "radiolaria" (P/B phyla Acantharia; Heliozoa); actinopod sarcodine
      |  ==Rh*=|
    ==|  |     ====== Foraminifera (P/B phylum Granuloreticulosa); rhizopod sarcodine
    | |  |
    | =C=|      ==N== Ciliophora (Paramecium, Stentor, Spirostoma); the ciliates
    |    |      |
    |    | =Al*=| Cp= Dinoflagellata; phytoflagellate
    |    | |    ==|
  ==|    ==|      === Apicomplexa (Plasmodium); sporozoan
  | |      |
  | |      =St*,M,Cp= STRAMENOPILES (includes diatoms, brown algae, & other taxa)
  | |
  | |   ===D========= Diplomonads (P/B phylum Metamonadida, zooflagellate, Giardia)
  | |   |
1<| =Ex*|    ===Cp=== Euglenida (Euglena); phytoflagellate
  |     ==Eu=|
  |          ======== Kinetoplastida (Trypanosoma); zooflagellate
  |
  |   =Am*=========== AMOEBOZOA (Amoeba, slime molds)
  |   |
  ====|    ===M====== Fungi (mushrooms, molds, yeast, etc.)
      |    |
      =Op*=|     ==== Choanoflagellata; zooflagellate
           =DiCh=|
                   =====B,G,M=================================TO METAZOA===>

TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE AND HIGHER TAXON GROUPS (those marked with *):

1= Eukaryotes: mitosis, membrane-bound organelles including: nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus?, lysosomes? mitochodria? Am*= AMOEBOZOA: restricted to the amoebas with lobopodia Al*= ALVEOLATES: many adjacent sacs or alveoli underlie cell surface; tubular mitochondrial cristae Ar*= ARCHAEPLASTIDA: share common plastid B= blastula C= Chromalveolata (share red-algal plastid) Ch= choanocyte (monociliated cells with ring of microvilli around flagellum, distinct flagellar vane) Cp= chloroplast D= ancient retrotransposon (Burke et al. 2002 Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:619); loss of mitochondrion? Di= diplosome (microtubular flagellar root) Ex*= EXCAVATA: most possess a conspicuous 'excavated' ventral feeding groove Eu= Euglenozoa: 1 or 2 anterior flagella, discoid mitochondrial christae G= Type IV collagen M= multicellularity N= micro- and macro-nucleus; infraciliary system fibril network that coordinates cilia Op*= OPISTHOKONTA: posterior flagellum on motile cells (a robust clade; see Torruella, G. et al. 2015) Rh*= RHIZARIA: share many molecular characters St*= STRAMENOPILES, unique 3-part mastigonemes in flagella