Protective
Equipment and Disinfection solutions:
Must be maintained
near all areas where biohazardous materials are handled
or stored and must be readily available at all times.
A working solution (if appropriate) should be prepared regularly
and dated. Discard expired solutions on a regular
basis. Sufficient volumes (~4L) should be available
to deal with the volumes of potential spills in the area
and should be appropriate for the nature of the organism
involved. Stock solutions should be available in addition
to the working concentrations.
Personal
Protective Equipment
there should be enough for at least two workers (never work
alone doing a cleanup) and should include:
- lab coat
or coveralls
- rubber/plastic
apron
- rubber
boots
- heavy
rubber gloves (gauntlets preferred over latex examination
gloves)
- particle
mask
- HEPA filter
mask if infection via respiratory route is possiblerespirator
with appropriate filter cartridge and HEPA filter (depends
on disinfectant used)
- eye goggles
or face shield
Other
Accessories:
- chemical
disinfectant stock solution (marked with date received
and expiry date)
- dilution
containers
- dilution
instructions
- paper
towels (or similar adsorbent material)
- moppail
- squeegee
- tongs
(for broken glass recovery)
- autoclave
bags (6)
Some
Characteristics of Chemical Disinfectants:
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Information
adapted from "Concepts in Biosafety; Office of Environmental
Health & Safety, University of Alberta (revised 1998)"
Definitions:
Stock
solution refers to the concentrated form as received
from the supplier. Sometimes different concentrations
are available so be sure to indicate this. Note
date received.
Work solution:
the concentration of solution prepared from the stock by
diluting it with some solvent; specify solvent (water, alcohol,
etc) and details of proportions to be mixed.
Active
ingredient concentration: some working solutions are
described in terms of the concentration of active agent
in the working solution. If the stock solution is
not 100% active ingredient, then you must calculate the
concentration of active ingredient in the stock to get the
correct concentration in the final working solution.
v = volume,
(v/v is ml/100 ml)
w = weight, (w/v is g/100ml)
Example:
household bleach is 5% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite.
If you want 0.5% hypochlorite in the working solution, then
dilute 100 ml of bleach to 1000 ml with water which is a
10% (v/v) solution of the original stock concentration.
If you had a 12% bleach stock, then would mix 42 ml of bleach
stock with 958 ml water (this is a 4.2% (v/v) solution of
the original stock.
Note:
Double check manufacturer's dilution recommendations
for all solutions as some of the following concentrations
are based on reports from other publications.
They may be wrong or the manufacturer may have altered
their formulation.
Category: |
Quaternary
ammonium detergent |
Trade
Name: |
Roccal™,
OstroSan™ |
Working
Concentration: |
0.4
- 0.8% (v/v) |
Mixing: |
4
- 8 ml stock / liter water |
Contact
Time (min): |
30 |
Notes
- quaternary ammonium compounds:
-
solution
is bacteriocidal, fungicidal and virucidal (on
lipophilic viruses only)
-
NOT
effective against tuberculosis or bacterial spores
-
concentrated
stocks very injurious to eye; wear eye protection
when diluting
|
|
Category: |
alcohol
|
Trade
Name: |
ethanol
or isopropanol
|
Working
Concentration: |
70%
(v/v)
|
Mixing: |
700
ml alcohol + 300 ml of water
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
-
no residue, not
corrosive
-
is slow acting,
may evaporate from surface before disinfection
is complete
-
is flammable
-
effective on vegetative
bacteria and lipid viruses; less effective on
non-lipid viruses;
-
NOT effective on
bacterial spores
|
|
Category: |
Bleach
(household)
|
Trade
Name: |
Chlorox™,
Javex™ (5.25% hypochlorite)
|
Working
Concentration: |
0.5%
(w/v) hypochlorite for routine use or 3.0 % (v/v) hypochlorite
for bacterial spores
|
Mixing: |
100
ml stock + 900 ml water or
600 ml stock + 400 ml water (spores)
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
-
household
bleach is about 5% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite;
can get a 12% stock so should adjust your dilution
to get the appropriate working concentration.
-
a
strong oxidizer; avoid mixing with other chemicals
-
produces
free chlorine in solution, is corrosive on metals.
Wash area with soap/water after bleach has been
removed
-
working
solutions must be made fresh (daily); diluted
stock quickly loses it’s activity
-
unopened
stock bottle probably good for 6 months. Label
date received and expiry date
-
very
effective disinfectant against many biohazards:
bacteria (vegetative and spores), lipid
and non-lipid viruses
-
need
high concentrations to kill tuberculosis bacteria
and bacterial spores (use a 60% (v/v) solution
of household bleach)
-
chlorine
binds to proteins so if have a lot of protein
in your samples (e.g. blood or cells grown in
fetal calf serum), may need to use a higher concentration
than 10% (v/v)
-
should
not autoclave bleach solution as chlorine gas
may be released from the autoclave.
-
also
available in tablet form called Presept™, dissolve
in water and use
|
|
Category: |
Iodine
|
Trade
Name: |
Wescodyne™
|
Working
Concentration: |
0.45%
iodine in solution or 2.5% (w/v) for bacterial
spores
|
Mixing: |
4.5
ml / liter water or 25 ml stock + 975 ml of 50%
(v/v) ethanol in water (for spores)
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
|
|
Category: |
phenolics
|
Trade
Name: |
Dettol
™ , Lysol™ (5-7% phenols)
|
Working
Concentration: |
0.1-0.3%
(w/v) of active ingredient
|
Mixing: |
10
- 50 ml stock / liter water
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
-
compounds
are derivatives of phenol
-
effective
against some lipid viruses, ricekettsia, fungi,
vegetative bacteria and tuberculosis
-
NOT
effective against bacterial spores and non-lipid
viruse
-
unpleasant
odor, leaves sticky residue
-
concentrated
stocks very injurious to eye; wear eye protection
when diluting
|
|
Category: |
chemical
cocktail
|
Trade
Name: |
Super-Phen
Plus™
|
Working
Concentration: |
0.63%
(v/v)
|
Mixing: |
check
manufacturer's recommendation
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
-
broad
spectrum chemical mixture
-
effective
on most biohazards including tuberculosis and
bacterial spores
-
could
be a good choice for a spill cleanup disinfectant
because it is broadly effective
|
|
Category: |
glutaraldehyde
|
Trade
Name: |
Cidex™
|
Working
Concentration: |
2%
(w/v) glutaraldehyde in water
|
Mixing: |
check
manufacturer's recommendation
|
Contact
Time (min): |
30
|
-
kills
bacteria (vegetative and spores) and viruses (
lipid and non-lipid)
-
solution
is irritating to nose, eyes and skin
-
can
cause skin sensitization, liver damage and has
a low exposure limit to people
-
less
toxic than formaldehyde
-
a
glutaraldehyde solution is stable for a long time
but is not microcidal until the solution is ‘activated’
by adjusting the pH to ~7.7 with sodium bicarbonate.
-
after
activated, the solution is useful for 7 – 18 days
depending on the formulation
|
|
Category:
|
formaldehyde
|
Trade
Name:
|
formalin
(37% w/w)
|
Working
Concentrat "left">Mixing:
|
5
- 220 ml (37% stock) / liter water
|
Contact
Time (min):
|
30
|
-
effective
biocidal agent but difficult to handle
-
very
toxic, carcinogen, a respiratory irritant
-
usually
used as a solution called formalin (37% w/w formaldehyde
+ 12% methanol) or as a solid (paraformaldehyde
which releases gas when heated)
-
used
to decontaminate biohazard hoods (performed by
a trained technician)
|
|