TOPIC 4

UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES &

THE EVOLUTION OF SEX

TEXT: Pages

520 -545 (Chapter 28, "Origins of

Eukaryotic Diversity")

213 - 216 (evolution of cell division)

226 - 231 (sexual life cycles)

TOPIC 4

UNICELLULAR EUKARYTOTES

LIFESTYLES, CLASSIFICATION & EXAMPLES

I. LIFESTYLES OF PROTISTS: NUTRITION, ADAPTATIONS & ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS

II. CLASSIFICATION

A. "CANDIDATE KINGDOMS"

B. "UNCLASSIFIED" PROTIST GROUPS

III. SPOTLIGHT ON KINGDOM ALVEOLATA

 

PROTIST DIVERSITY

EXTREMELY COMPLEX SINGLE CELLS

to

COLONIES

to

SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

 

3 LIFESTYLES

"PLANT-LIKE" PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS = ALGAE

"ANIMAL-LIKE" INGESTIVE HETEROTROPHS = PROTOZOA

"FUNGUS-LIKE" ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS = MOLDS

 

GROUPS OF ALGAE

EUGLENOIDS

DINOFLAGELLATES

DIATOMS

GOLDEN ALGAE

*BROWN ALGAE

*RED ALGAE

*GREEN ALGAE

 

GROUPS OF PROTOZOANS

CILIATES

APICOMPLEXANS

AMOEBAS

HELIOZOANS & RADIOLARIANS

FORAMS

ZOOFLAGELLATES

GROUPS OF "MOLDS"

*WATER MOLDS

*PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS

*CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

 

CANDIDATE KINGDOMS

A. KINGDOM ARCHAEZOA

1. LACK MITOCHONDRIA

2. SIMPLE SINGLE CELLS

3. INTERNAL PARASITES

 

B. KINGDOM EUGLENOZOA

1. SINGLE CELLS

2. FLAGELLATED = BEAR FLAGELLA

3. AUTOTROPHS, HETEROTROPHS & MIXOTROPHS

 

C. KINGDOM ALVEOLATA

 

D. KINGDOM STRAMENOPILA

1. UNICELLULAR TO MULTICELLULAR

2. HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS ON FLAGELLA

3. CELL WALLS

4. AUTOTROPHS & HETEROTROPHS

a. AUTOTROPHS WITH UNIQUE CHLOROPLASTS

b. BROWN PIGMENTS

 

E. KINGDOM RHODOPHYTA

1. MAINLY MULTICELLULAR

2. LACK FLAGELLA & CILIA

3. CELL WALLS

4. ALL AUTOTROPHS

5. RED TO BLACK PIGMENTS

= "RED ALGAE"

 

OTHER PROTIST GROUPS

A. "AMOEBOID" PROSTISTS THAT BEAR PSEUDOPODIA

= DYNAMIC CELLULAR EXTENSION USED TO MOVE & FEED

1. UNICELLULAR

2. HETEROTROPHS

3. NAKED CELLS OR HAVE SHELLS OR INTERNAL SKELETONS

 

B. "FUNGUS-LIKE" SLIME MOLDS

1. COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES

a. UNICELLAR & MULTICELLULAR PHASES

b. AMOEBOID CELLS

2. HETEROTROPHIC DECOMPOSERS IN SOILS

 

C. CHLOROPHYTA

1. UNICELLULAR TO MULTICELLULAR

2. AUTOTROPHIC

3. CELLULOSE CELL WALLS

4. GREEN PIGMENTS =

"GREEN ALGAE"

5. SOMETIMES PLACED IN KINGDOM PLANTAE

 

SPOTLIGHT ON KINGDOM ALVEOLATA

A. CHARACTERISTICS

1. SINGLE CELLS & COLONIES

2. POSSESS SMALL CAVITIES UNDER CELL SURFACE =

ALVEOLI

3. AUTOTROPHS & HETEROTROPHS

 

B. MAJOR GROUPS ("PHYLA")

1. DINOFLAGELLATES

a. 2 FLAGELLA, INTERNAL CELLULOSE WALL

b. AUTOTROPHS

BROWN, CHLOROPHYLL a & c

c. HETEROTROPHS

d. FRESHWATER & MARINE

 

2. APICOMPLEXANS

= (SPOROZOANS)

a. PARASITES WITH COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES

b. PENETRATING APICAL ORGANELLE

3. CILIATES

a. BEAR CILIA FOR LOCOMOTION & FEEDING

b. ALL HETEROTROPHIC

c. ELABORATE ORGANELLES

d. COMPLEX SEXUAL SYSTEM WITH CONJUGATION & 2 TYPES OF NUCLEI

 

TOPIC 4 - FIGURES

7.18; 7.27; 12.8; 12.10; 12.11; 13.3; 13.4; 13.7; 13.8; 13.9; 18.14; 28.1; 28.3; 28.4; 28.6; 28.7; 28.8; 28.9; 28.10; 28.13; 28.14; 28.17; 28.20; 28.24; 28.25; 28.26; 29.2; 29.11; 31.3; 31.6; 31.10; 33.6; 41.8; 41.18; 47.5

 

TOPIC 4 - GLOSSARY

Algae , alteration of generations, Alveolata, anisogamy, Apicomplexa, Archaezoa, binary fission, brown algae, cellular slime molds, Chlorophyta, ciliate, cilium, coenocytic, conjugation, crossing-over, dikaryotic, dinoflagellate, diploid, diplontic, Euglenozoa, flagellum, gamete, gametophyte, green algae, haploid, haplontic, heteromorphic, independent assortment of chromosomes, isogamy, isomorphic, karyogamy, meiosis, mitosis, phagocytosis, plasmodial, plasmogamy, protozoa, pseudopodia, red algae, red tide, reproduction, Rhodophyta, sex, slime molds, spore sporophyte, Stramenopila, syngamy, vegetative reproduction, zooflagellates, zygote.