TOPIC 4
UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES &
THE EVOLUTION OF SEX
TEXT: Pages
520 -545 (Chapter 28, "Origins of
Eukaryotic Diversity")
213 - 216 (evolution of cell division)
226 - 231 (sexual life cycles)
TOPIC 4
UNICELLULAR EUKARYTOTES
LIFESTYLES, CLASSIFICATION & EXAMPLES
I. LIFESTYLES OF PROTISTS: NUTRITION, ADAPTATIONS & ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS
II. CLASSIFICATION
A. "CANDIDATE KINGDOMS"
B. "UNCLASSIFIED" PROTIST GROUPS
III. SPOTLIGHT ON KINGDOM ALVEOLATA
PROTIST DIVERSITY
EXTREMELY COMPLEX SINGLE CELLS
to
COLONIES
to
SIMPLE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
3 LIFESTYLES
"PLANT-LIKE" PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS = ALGAE
"ANIMAL-LIKE" INGESTIVE HETEROTROPHS = PROTOZOA
"FUNGUS-LIKE" ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHS = MOLDS
GROUPS OF ALGAE
EUGLENOIDS
DINOFLAGELLATES
DIATOMS
GOLDEN ALGAE
*BROWN ALGAE
*RED ALGAE
*GREEN ALGAE
GROUPS OF PROTOZOANS
CILIATES
APICOMPLEXANS
AMOEBAS
HELIOZOANS & RADIOLARIANS
FORAMS
ZOOFLAGELLATES
GROUPS OF "MOLDS"
*WATER MOLDS
*PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
*CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
CANDIDATE KINGDOMS
A. KINGDOM ARCHAEZOA
1. LACK MITOCHONDRIA
2. SIMPLE SINGLE CELLS
3. INTERNAL PARASITES
B. KINGDOM EUGLENOZOA
1. SINGLE CELLS
2. FLAGELLATED = BEAR FLAGELLA
3. AUTOTROPHS, HETEROTROPHS & MIXOTROPHS
C. KINGDOM ALVEOLATA
D. KINGDOM STRAMENOPILA
1. UNICELLULAR TO MULTICELLULAR
2. HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS ON FLAGELLA
3. CELL WALLS
4. AUTOTROPHS & HETEROTROPHS
a. AUTOTROPHS WITH UNIQUE CHLOROPLASTS
b. BROWN PIGMENTS
E. KINGDOM RHODOPHYTA
1. MAINLY MULTICELLULAR
2. LACK FLAGELLA & CILIA
3. CELL WALLS
4. ALL AUTOTROPHS
5. RED TO BLACK PIGMENTS
= "RED ALGAE"
OTHER PROTIST GROUPS
A. "AMOEBOID" PROSTISTS THAT BEAR PSEUDOPODIA
= DYNAMIC CELLULAR EXTENSION USED TO MOVE & FEED
1. UNICELLULAR
2. HETEROTROPHS
3. NAKED CELLS OR HAVE SHELLS OR INTERNAL SKELETONS
B. "FUNGUS-LIKE" SLIME MOLDS
1. COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
a. UNICELLAR & MULTICELLULAR PHASES
b. AMOEBOID CELLS
2. HETEROTROPHIC DECOMPOSERS IN SOILS
C. CHLOROPHYTA
1. UNICELLULAR TO MULTICELLULAR
2. AUTOTROPHIC
3. CELLULOSE CELL WALLS
4. GREEN PIGMENTS =
"GREEN ALGAE"
5. SOMETIMES PLACED IN KINGDOM PLANTAE
SPOTLIGHT ON KINGDOM ALVEOLATA
A. CHARACTERISTICS
1. SINGLE CELLS & COLONIES
2. POSSESS SMALL CAVITIES UNDER CELL SURFACE =
ALVEOLI
3. AUTOTROPHS & HETEROTROPHS
B. MAJOR GROUPS ("PHYLA")
1. DINOFLAGELLATES
a. 2 FLAGELLA, INTERNAL CELLULOSE WALL
b. AUTOTROPHS
BROWN, CHLOROPHYLL a & c
c. HETEROTROPHS
d. FRESHWATER & MARINE
2. APICOMPLEXANS
= (SPOROZOANS)
a. PARASITES WITH COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
b. PENETRATING APICAL ORGANELLE
3. CILIATES
a. BEAR CILIA FOR LOCOMOTION & FEEDING
b. ALL HETEROTROPHIC
c. ELABORATE ORGANELLES
d. COMPLEX SEXUAL SYSTEM WITH CONJUGATION & 2 TYPES OF NUCLEI
TOPIC 4 - FIGURES
7.18; 7.27; 12.8; 12.10; 12.11; 13.3; 13.4; 13.7; 13.8; 13.9; 18.14; 28.1; 28.3; 28.4; 28.6; 28.7; 28.8; 28.9; 28.10; 28.13; 28.14; 28.17; 28.20; 28.24; 28.25; 28.26; 29.2; 29.11; 31.3; 31.6; 31.10; 33.6; 41.8; 41.18; 47.5
TOPIC 4 - GLOSSARY
Algae , alteration of generations, Alveolata, anisogamy, Apicomplexa, Archaezoa, binary fission, brown algae, cellular slime molds, Chlorophyta, ciliate, cilium, coenocytic, conjugation, crossing-over, dikaryotic, dinoflagellate, diploid, diplontic, Euglenozoa, flagellum, gamete, gametophyte, green algae, haploid, haplontic, heteromorphic, independent assortment of chromosomes, isogamy, isomorphic, karyogamy, meiosis, mitosis, phagocytosis, plasmodial, plasmogamy, protozoa, pseudopodia, red algae, red tide, reproduction, Rhodophyta, sex, slime molds, spore sporophyte, Stramenopila, syngamy, vegetative reproduction, zooflagellates, zygote.