TOPIC 2

TAXONOMY & SYSTEMATICS

I. WHAT IS TAXONOMY?

II. BINOMIAL NOMECLATURE & HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

III. WHAT IS SYSTEMATICS?

IV. HOW DO BIOLOGISTS CONSTRUCT A PHYLOGENY?

V. HOW DO BIOLOGISTS DISTINGUISH HOMOLOGY FROM ANALOGY?

= ANCESTORY VS. ADAPTATION?

 

 

KEY TERMS & CONCEPTS

1. TAXONOMY

a. IDENTIFICATION & NAMING OF ORGANISMS

b. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

 

2. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

a. INVENTOR = C. LINNAEUS ( publ. 1735 - 1758)

b. Genus species

c. SPECIES = A GROUP OF SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO INTERBREED

 

3. HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

KINGDOM => PHYLUM (DIVISION)=> CLASS => ORDER => FAMILY => GENUS => SPECIES

 

4. SYSTEMATICS = TAXONOMY PLUS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

 

5. PHYLOGENY = EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A SPECIES OR GROUP OF SPECIES ( = "FAMILY TREE")

 

 

INFORMATION USED TO CONSTRUCT A PHYLOGENY

1. BIOGEOGRAPHY = GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

2. FOSSIL RECORD

3. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

4. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY = DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS

5. COMPARATIVE ETHOLOGY = BEHAVIOUR

6. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

 

7. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A. MACROMOLECULE TYPE: PROTEINS VS. RNA VS. DNA

B. GENERAL SIMILARITY VS. DETAILED SEQUENCING

 

 

HOMOLOGY VERSUS ANALOGY

HOMOLOGY = (SIMILARITY) IN A CHARACTERISTIC BETWEEN 2 SPECIES BECAUSE OF SHARED ANCESTORY

 

ANALOGY = SIMILARITY IN A CHARACTERISTIC BETWEEN 2 SPECIES BECAUSE OF CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, NOT SHARED ANCESTORY

 

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION = THE INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF SIMILARITIES BETWEEN 2 SPECIES AS A RESULT OF SIMILAR ECOLOGICAL ROLES & SIMILAR SELECTION PRESSURES

 

 

TOPIC 2

TAXONOMY & SYSTEMATICS

PHYLOGENY & CLASSIFICATION

NATURAL SELECTION

TEXT: Pages: 10; 473 - 485; 422 - 426; 419 - 422

FIGURES:

1.10; 5.18; 7.24; 9.15; 20.7; 21.14; 21.18; 22.6; 22.7; 22.9; 22.11; 24.13; 24.17; 25.7; 25.8; 25.9; 25.11;

25.12; 25.15; 25.16; 27.5; 33.25; 34.28; 44.10; 51.1; 52.11; 52.15

 

TOPIC 2 - GLOSSARY

Analogy, apomorphy, artificial selection, binomial nomenclature, biogeography, clade, cladistics, cladogram, Class, classification, comparative anatomy, convergence, convergent evolution, Darwin, derived, differential survival, differential reproduction, evolutionary tree, evolutionary systematics, Family, gel electrophoresis, Genus, gradualism, Hennig, hierarchical categories, homology, Kingdom, Linnaeus, macroevolution, microevolution, monophyletic, monophyly, natural selection, nucleotide sequence analysis, numerical taxonomy, Order, outgroup, paraphyletic, paraphyly, parsimony, phenetics, plesiomorphy, polyphyletic, polyphyly, phylogenetic systematics, phylogenetic tree, phylogeny, Phylum, primitive, Species, synapomorphy, systematics, taxa/taxon, taxonomy.