true tissues (several cell types work together at a single function) are a synapomorphy of the Eumetazoa
early eumetazoans had only 2 tissue layers (ectoderm & endoderm) surrounding a non-cellular middle layer (diploblastic)
higher metazoans (Bilateria) have 3 tissue layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and extensive middle layer with complex organs (triploblastic)
5) TYPE & ORIGIN OF GUT (blind vs complete) A blind gut (mouth, no anus) was primitive in Eumetazoa; a complete gut (mouth & anus) evolved twice: Protostomia & Deuterostomia
6) TYPE OF CILIATION (mono- vs multiciliated) Monociliated cells are primitive; multiciliated cells arose twice (Proto- & Deuterostomia)
7) COELOM TYPE (acoelomate vs pseudocoelomate vs coelomate)
a true coelom is a fluid-filled internal body cavity lined by epithelium
fluid-filled internal body cavities take several forms and arose independently in several higher groups of invertebrates
8) COELOM ORIGIN (schizocoely vs enterocoely) True coeloms arise developmentally via two different methods: schizocoely (splitting of mesenchyme), enterocoely (outpocketing of epithelium)
9) TYPE OF SKELETON (exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydrostatic) An exoskeleton lies outside the body and is produced by ectoderm. An endoskeleton lies inside the body and is produced by mesoderm or mesoglea: may be rigid elements or fluid-filled (=hydrostatic skeleton)