Cladogram for KINDOM ANIMALIA (=Metazoa)
Modified from Tree of Life for Kingdom Animalia (after Ruppert & Barnes 1994 p. 1052).
========================================== Porifera (sponges) | | =================================== Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals, etc.) | | | | ================================ Ctenophora (comb-jellies) | | | | | | ======================== Platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms,etc.) | | | | | | | | =(branch uncertain)== Aschelminthes (nematodes, rotifers,etc.) | | | | | <<=M=| | | =P==| | ================= Nemertea (ribbon worms) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ======== Sipuncula (peanut worms) | =E==| | | ===| | ======| | | | | | | | | ======== Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) | | | | | =C==| | | | | | | | | ======== Echiura (proboscis worms) | | | | | ===| | | | | | | | ===| ===== Pogonophora (beard worms, vent worms) | | ===| | | | ===| | | | | ===| ===== Annelida (segmented worms) | | | | | ===| | | | ======== Onychophora (velvet worms) | | | ===| | =B==| ======== Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs, etc.) | | | | ======================== Chaetognatha (arrow worms) | | | | =D==| ===================== lophophorates (bryozoans, brachiopods, etc.) | | | | |==| ================== Echinodermata (starfish, urchins, etc.) | | | | ===| =============== Hemichordata (acorn worms, pterobranchs) | ===| | =============== Chordata (sea squirts, vertebrates, etc.) | =====(phyla of uncertain affinity)===== Placozoa, Monoblastozoa, Rhomobozoa, Orthonectida
(** plesiomorphic- a primitive state, not unique to clade): b) radial symmetry** c) monociliated cells** d) radial, indeterminate cleavage e) blastula stage larva** f) diplosome** b) diploblastic organization c) gastrula stage d) blind gut (no anus) b) cephalization c) triploblastic organization (extensive mesoderm) d) organ-system level of organization e) protonephridia |
b) mesoderm from mesenchyme cells c) mouth (and sometimes anus) from blastopore d) multiciliated cells e) trochophore-like larva b) complete gut (anus present)** b) mesoderm from epithelial cells c) coelom via enterocoely d) blastopore yields anus e) tripartite coelom & body plan f) monociliated cells** |
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Copyright © 2000 by A. Richard Palmer. All rights reserved.
(revised January 18, 2000)