2. Freely ending veinlets

3. Endosperm formation (not double fertilization anymore)

4. Endexine absent or thin except under the apertures

5. Collumellate pollen

6. Change in pollination syndrome-sealed carpels by glandular secretion (Endress)

7. Flowers

• a. Anthers with 4 pollen sacs
• b. Sealed carpels
• (sepals and petals are leaves-no problem)

8. Vessels in xylem-doesn't count-found in Gnetales

9. Sieve tube elements and companion cells in phloem

10. Bitegmic ovules

11. Alkaloids and certain chemical compounds are unique to angiosperms and not to gymnosperms groups.

12. 7 celled, 8 nucleate embryo sac (=megagametophyte)

13. 3 celled microgametophyte

Back to: Paleobotany of Angiosperm Origins Course Outline